Comment: Dots correspond, from left (lateral) to right (medial): Insular cortex (sensory representations of pain, visceral sensations, and taste), claustrum (connects with cerebral cortex; may play role in consciousness), putamen (motor functions), external segment of the globus pallidus (part of indirect path; receives striatal input and projects to subthalamic nucleus), internal segment of the globus pallidus (direct path; basal ganglia output to thalamus and brain stem), posterior limb of the internal capsule (ascending thalamocortical axons; descending cortical projections), thalamus (relay subcortical inputs to cortex), thalamic adhesion in the third ventricle (point of contact of two halves of thalamus).

2. The output nuclei of the basal ganglia send projections to the diencephalon and brain stem. Which of the following lists two output nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A. Globus pallidus internal, globus pallidus external
B. Caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens
C. Substantia nigra par reticulata, substantia nigra pars compacta
D. Globus pallidus internal, substantia nigra par reticulata

3. Which of the following lists components of the same functional loop of the basal ganglia?

A. Frontal eye fields, body of caudate nucleus, ventral pallidum, ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus
B. Orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus
C. Primary motor cortex, putamen, globus pallidus internal segment, medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus
D. Hippocampus, ventral striatum, globus pallidus internal segment, ventral lateral nucleus

4. Which of the following describes the action of dopamine on striatal neurons of the direct and indirect paths?

A. Facilitates activity, suppresses activity
B. Facilitates activity, no effect on activity
C. Suppresses activity, facilitates activity
D. No effect on activity, facilitates activity

Comment: In Parkinson’s disease, the loss of dopamine results in less drive to the direct path, and bradykinesia results.

5. A person has a small stroke that interrupts axons of the ansa lenticularis. This stroke would produce retrograde degeneration of neurons in which of the following structures?

A. Substantia nigra pars compacta
B. Globus pallidus external segment
C. Globus pallidus internal segment
D. Subthalamic nucleus

Comment: The lenticular fasciculus contains axons from the internal segment of the globus pallidus, not the substantial nigra pars reticulata.

6. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons have major actions on neurons in which of the following structures?

A. Striatal neurons only
B. Striatal neurons and cortical neurons
C. Striatal neurons, globus pallidus internal segment neurons, and cortical neurons
D. Striatal neurons, globus pallidus internal segment neurons, globus pallidus external segment neurons, and cortical neurons

7. Which of the following statements best matches the structure and neurons with the correct neurotransmitter?

A. Substantia nigra pars compacta and GABA
B. Globus pallidus external segment and glutamate
C. Subthalamic nucleus and glutamate
D. Caudate nucleus and dopamine

8. A man developed significant personality changes and clumsiness late in his fourth decade of life. His father had dementia and bilateral choreoform movements at the time of his death, which was in his early 60s. The man’s mother is currently healthy. Which of the following neuropsychiatric conditions is most likely affecting the son?

A. Huntington disease
B. Parkinson disease
C. Hemiballism
D. Schizophrenia

Comment: Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant disorder. The father has signs of advanced Huntington disease, not the other three listed. The son may be showing early signs of Huntington disease. These are hyperkinetic motor signs.

9. Which of the following is a target of deep brain stimulation for treatment of basal ganglia movement disorders?

A. Globus pallidus external segment
B. Globus pallidus internal segment
C. Caudate nucleus
D. Putamen

10. The internal segment of the globus pallidus has projections to which of the following brain stem structures?

A. Pedunculopontine nucleus
B. Superior colliculus
C. Dorsal raphe nucleus
D. Red nucleus